◙ Prepositions: -
Prepositions are small words or phrases like “in”, “of”, “out” and “in front of” that are put before noun groups to show the relationships between the participants of an action in the sentence.
They also open up the possibilities of saying more about a thing or an action, because you can choose any appropriate noun or group after it as its object.

E.g.      “About”
The children are plying about the house. (around the house)
I didn’t know anything about the house (know of that)

Do you see that the preposition “about” in the sentences above, followed by different types of noun groups, takes different meaning?
Prepositions are placed before a noun or a pronoun.
They show the relationships in place, position, time, method etc.

◙ Place or Destination prepositions: -
Here is a list of common one word prepositions which are used to talk about a place or destination:
About, above, across, alongside, among, around, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, by, down, from, in, inside, into, on, opposite, outside, over, past, round, towards, under, underneath, up, within, at, beyond, near, through, off, through out.

Such prepositions answer the question “where?” and therefore they are place prepositions.
E.g.      I’ll be waiting for you at the ticket counter. (where? – At the ticket counter)
They rushed into the auditorium (where? – but as the verb rushed shows movement, into indicates destination)
There are some more prepositions which consists of more than one word and which are used to talk about a place or destination – ahead of, allover, away from, close by, close to, in between, in front of, near to, on top of, out of, next to.
English has a large number of prepositions and some of them – such as, beside, by, near, and next to, are very similar in meaning.
Q: Where is your house?
Ans: It is next to the grocers.
It is adjacent to the grocers
It is beside the grocers shop
All mean the same but are said differently

◙ Position prepositions: -
The following prepositions are used to specify position:
Aboard, about, above, across, against, ahead of, all over, along, alongside, amidst, among, around, astride, at, away from, before, behind, below, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, close by, close to, down, in, in between, in front of, inside, near, near to, next to, off, on, on top of, opposite, out of, outside, past, through, under, underneath, up, upon, with, within.
E.g.      The man behind the desk didn’t understand anything.

◙Time prepositions: -
There are some prepositions that indicate time:
After, at, before, behind, during, for, from, in, into, under, on, pending, since, through, throughout, till, to, towards, until, with, within
E.g.      The train is running four hours behind the schedule.
You must answer this within five minutes.
I had not seen him for many years.
The show continued late into the night.
Now you may have noticed that many prepositions are common and also appear in the list of place and position prepositions. The meaning depends on the verb and also the noun following the preposition.

◙ Relationship prepositions: -
Apart from place, destination, time, prepositions also show relationships such as:
E.g.      Abhi fought with courage, (manner)
Gandhiji fought for the freedom of India (cause, reason, purpose)
She took medicine for stomach ailment.
The temples of India are known for architectural splendor (possession)
Nehru was a man of great vision

► Some basic applications:
In and into
In indicates the presence and into indicates the movement.
E.g.      There are forty passengers on the bus. ( presence, passengers are already there, so in)
Get into the bus. ( into shows the movement of getting into the bus.)
Of and off
Of indicates the presence and off indicates the movement
E.g.      What is the name of your dog?
The marble rolled off the table.
With and by
With indicates movement and by indicates presence
E.g.      Write with a pencil.
I traveled by bus to school.
For and from
For indicates presence and from indicates movement
E.g.      I got a present for you.
She has come from America.

◙ Conjunctions: -
They are joining words. That is to say that they are used to link together words, phrases and sentences.
The most common examples is “and”.
Conjunctions are used when some word, phrase or sentence is to be added to enhance the meaning of the sentence.
E.g.      Roop and Paul went to see a movie
He lives over the hills and far away.
Other useful conjunctions are: - but, although, because, or, until, since, so etc.